Africa

Africa

Hunt for ever-deeper South Africa gold still costs lives

03 June 2011 18:32 (UTC +04:00)

Baku â€“ APA. The massive drill is deafening as it bores into the rock of the world’s deepest mine, where heat and humidity sap the strength of gold miners who never know when the next rock fall might kill or maim, APA reports quoting â€œReutersâ€.
At 3.8 km (2.4 miles) underground, it feels like the bottom of the world.
Toil and blood have brought humans to this spot, the lowest in AngloGold Ashanti’s Mponeng mine, 60 kms (35 miles) southwest of Johannesburg.
At such depths it is impossible to ignore the thousands of metric tones of rock overhead -- unnerving in a region prone to seismic activity.
"Sometimes you feel a tremor down here. You get used to them," said section manager Geert Jacobs, clad in overalls and hard hat as he directed journalists through a tunnel.
But tremors can be fatal and the following day a rock fall in the mine killed a worker -- the first death in 2011 at Mponeng.
Mining was halted while it was investigated, which has become standard procedure since South Africa set out to cut the heavy death toll in mines, chiefly among black workers, that the authorities tolerated before white minority rule ended in 1994.
According to government data, 855 miners were killed in South Africa in 1986 but that number has been falling, hitting 220 in 2007 -- a period when the mine labor force also shrank.
But this positive trend has had setbacks. In the first five months of this year mine deaths are up eight percent to 53 compared to the same time last year -- and they were up over 25 percent in the first quarter -- putting mine safety back in the spotlight.
South Africa’s mines are among the most dangerous in the world not least because of the astonishing depths that miners reach to extract gold from the vast reef that has supplied much of the world’s bullion.
Mponeng is part of the trio of AngloGold’s "West Wits" operations that in 2010 produced 1.78 million ounces or 39 percent of output for Africa’s largest gold producer.
Rock falls are a constant concern in South Africa. A government study estimated that of the 220 deaths in mines in 2007, fall of ground was the main cause, responsible for 76.
But at Mponeng, safety has been improving even as AngloGold has blasted ever deeper. In 2001 seven miners were killed there but the numbers have been falling. Last year two lost their lives and none had this year before last week.
The company says it strives to reduce risks where it can on a range of fronts from technology to education and at the top of its corporate values it says: "Safety is our first value." Its chief executive Mark Cutifani has made safety a priority.
Reaching the bottom of Mponeng is an ear-popping journey down a shaft in a massive, cramped and dark cage. It involves traveling to one level, switching cages, then descending again.
Down below, rock temperatures can reach 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees fahrenheit) and even with elaborate cooling systems including giant fans, people are soon drenched in sweat.
IS ZERO HARM POSSIBLE SO DEEP?
Ray Durrheim, who holds the research chair in seismology at Johannesburg’s University of the Witwatersrand and formerly headed a project called the DeepMine Research Program, said as you go deeper there are safeguards that can be put in place.
"You try to compensate for the depth by introducing stiffer backfill like cement," he said. You can also shorten the distance between support pillars and use bigger pillars.
There are many other factors. The intense heat must be managed while the size and shape of the excavations is crucial.
The bottom has not yet been hit. "Technically, we don’t see why you can’t go down to five kilometers," Durrheim said.
Is the industry goal of "zero harm" attainable?
"When you have over 5,000 men working at such depths and with so much heavy equipment and explosives and things like that it is very difficult to guarantee zero harm," Durrheim said.
Despite improvements, by global standards analysts say AngloGold and South Africa’s other two big gold miners, Gold Fields and Harmony, are not faring well.
"Each of the big three South African mining companies have material safety problems. From 2006 to 2009 all three have averaged more fatalities per year than the entire United States mining industry," said Paul Bugala, senior sustainability analyst with U.S.-based Calvert Investments.
ROBOTS OR JOBS
One option being explored for South Africa is to mechanize production and get machines or robots to do much of the work.
That would reduce the risk to humans but, given South Africa’s high rates of unemployment and poverty, it might not sit well as the labor-intensive mining industry supplies about 500,000 crucial jobs to Africa’s biggest economy.
Depth aside, there are many challenges on the safety front. A poorly-educated workforce is one, a legacy of apartheid when blacks were denied quality education.
Signs at Mponeng -- which means "Look at Me" in the Sotho language -- say things like: "People Are Important And Their Well-being Really Matters." But these messages will obviously be lost on an illiterate worker.
One area of concern is fatal collisions between workers and the heavy vehicles, including trams, that are a key part of mining. In the bowels of Mponeng the tunnels can be more than five meters wide, which is startling so far down but does not give much margin for error for vehicles.
Under a pilot project at Mponeng, headlamps alert drivers of vehicles that a pedestrian is nearby.
But last week, a 4x4 truck taking journalists through a tunnel had this feature but it was not turned on. An engineer said he later spoke with the workers involved to ensure this slip up would not be repeated.